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    Anthropic Unveils RSP Version 3 with Major AI Safety Overhaul

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    Tony Kim
    Feb 24, 2026 20:48

    Anthropic releases third version of Responsible Scaling Policy, separating company commitments from industry-wide recommendations after 2.5 years of testing.





    Anthropic has released the third iteration of its Responsible Scaling Policy, marking a significant restructuring of how the AI company approaches catastrophic risk mitigation after two and a half years of real-world implementation.

    The update, published February 24, 2026, introduces three major changes: a clear separation between what Anthropic can achieve alone versus what requires industry-wide action, a new Frontier Safety Roadmap with public accountability metrics, and mandatory external review of Risk Reports under certain conditions.

    What Actually Changed

    The most notable shift? Anthropic is now openly admitting that some safety measures simply cannot be implemented by a single company. The previous RSP’s higher-tier safeguards (ASL-4 and beyond) were left intentionally vague—turns out that wasn’t just caution, it was because achieving them unilaterally may be impossible.

    A RAND report cited by Anthropic states that “SL5” security standards aimed at stopping top-tier cyber threats are “currently not possible” and “will likely require assistance from the national security community.”

    Rather than water down these requirements to make compliance easy, Anthropic chose to restructure entirely. The new RSP now explicitly maps out two tracks: commitments the company will meet regardless of external factors, and recommendations it believes the entire AI industry needs to adopt.

    The Honest Assessment

    Anthropic’s post-mortem on RSP versions 1 and 2 is refreshingly candid. What worked: the policy forced internal teams to treat safety as a launch requirement, and competitors like OpenAI and Google DeepMind adopted similar frameworks within months. ASL-3 safeguards were successfully activated in May 2025.

    What didn’t work: capability thresholds proved far more ambiguous than anticipated. Biological risk assessment provides a telling example—models now pass most quick tests, making it hard to argue risks are low, but results aren’t definitive enough to prove risks are high either. By the time wet-lab trials complete, more powerful models have already shipped.

    The political environment hasn’t helped. Federal safety-oriented discussions have stalled as policy focus shifted toward AI competitiveness and economic growth.

    New Accountability Mechanisms

    The Frontier Safety Roadmap introduces specific, publicly-graded goals including “moonshot R&D” projects for information security, automated red-teaming systems that exceed current bug bounty contributions, and comprehensive records of all critical AI development activities—analyzed by AI for insider threats.

    Risk Reports will publish every 3-6 months, explaining how capabilities, threat models, and mitigations fit together. External reviewers with “unredacted or minimally-redacted access” will publicly critique Anthropic’s reasoning.

    The company is already running pilots despite current models not yet triggering the external review requirement.

    Industry Implications

    This restructuring arrives as AI governance frameworks face increasing scrutiny. California’s SB 53, New York’s RAISE Act, and the EU AI Act’s Codes of Practice have all begun requiring frontier developers to publish catastrophic risk frameworks—requirements Anthropic addresses through its existing Frontier Compliance Framework.

    Whether competitors follow Anthropic’s lead on separating unilateral commitments from industry recommendations remains to be seen. The approach essentially acknowledges that voluntary self-regulation has limits, while positioning the company to advocate for coordinated government action without appearing to demand rules it can’t follow itself.

    For the broader AI sector, Anthropic’s transparent acknowledgment of what single companies cannot achieve alone may prove more influential than the technical policy details themselves.

    Image source: Shutterstock


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    What NYSE’s Exploration of Onchain Systems Means for Financial Markets

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    Key takeaways

    • Intercontinental Exchange (ICE)’s blockchain-based initiative is about upgrading market infrastructure, not adopting cryptocurrencies. It intends to use blockchain for improving settlement, reconciliation and collateral efficiency.

    • Onchain delivery-vs.-payment settlement could significantly reduce counterparty risk and free up capital tied up in margins. It also shifts risk toward real-time liquidity needs and continuous funding requirements.

    • While 24/7 trading may expand global access, it does not necessarily solve deeper market-structure issues. It could introduce liquidity fragmentation, wider spreads and noisier price discovery during low-volume periods.

    • Stablecoins in this model act as institutional settlement rails rather than speculative assets. Their use inside regulated markets will require bank-grade custody, liquidity and compliance safeguards.

    When Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), the parent company of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), announced it was developing a blockchain-based platform for tokenized securities, some observers interpreted it as traditional finance fully integrating crypto.

    However, the initiative is just a strategic redesign of market infrastructure. The focus is on utilizing distributed ledgers to optimize collateral management and eliminate delays in legacy settlement systems.

    ICE has indicated that the platform would enable 24/7 trading, incorporate onchain settlement elements, support stablecoin-based funding and feature tokenized versions of regulated securities, subject to regulatory approval. If rolled out at scale, this would represent one of the most significant efforts by a major exchange operator to weave blockchain technology into market operations.

    This article explores how the NYSE is integrating blockchain to segregate execution from settlement, why onchain settlement becomes critical, the importance of 24/7 trading and stablecoins as institutional funding rails. It discusses how tokenization is becoming a part of mainstream finance, hurdles in the integration of blockchain technology with legacy systems and issues regarding adaptation.

    How the NYSE is using blockchain technology to separate execution from settlement

    The platform maintains a clear separation between trading and settlement. ICE plans to continue using the existing NYSE Pillar matching engine, which already manages high-volume equity trading, as the primary trading layer. Blockchain technology would primarily enhance post-trade processes, such as settlement, record-keeping and reconciliation.

    This distinction is important, as inefficiencies in financial markets generally stem not from price discovery during trading but from delays and complexities in clearing, settlement, cross-party reconciliation and collateral handling.

    Tokenized securities refer to regulated assets like stocks or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) whose ownership is recorded on a blockchain for greater efficiency. The underlying legal rights continue to be governed by existing securities laws and corporate regulations.

    Why onchain settlement likely matters more than 24/7 trading

    Even with faster settlement cycles in US equities, most trades still depend on multiple intermediaries, such as clearinghouses, custodians and agents, that reconcile records across parties. This creates layers of operational complexity and lingering counterparty risk during the settlement window.

    Onchain settlement changes this fundamentally by enabling near-simultaneous transfer of ownership and payment on a shared, immutable ledger. This process, also called delivery-vs.-payment (DvP), sharply reduces counterparty exposure and minimizes reconciliation errors. DvP could free up capital tied up in margins or buffers for more productive uses. It tackles the core inefficiencies and risks in post-trade infrastructure.

    Faster settlement, however, is not without trade-offs. It eliminates the time buffers that currently allow markets to resolve errors, unwind failed trades or handle liquidity squeezes. Risk simply shifts toward real-time liquidity demands, requiring participants to fund positions continuously rather than leaning on intraday credit. From a broader view, this redistributes rather than removes systemic risk.

    What 24/7 trading may (and may not) achieve

    Continuous trading appeals to global investors familiar with round-the-clock crypto or futures markets. For US equities, extended hours already exist, but they typically feature lower liquidity, wider spreads and higher volatility compared with core sessions.

    Fully 24/7 markets could offer better access for international participants and potentially smoother reactions to off-hour news. Yet several concerns remain:

    • Liquidity could thin out during quieter periods, forcing market makers to widen quotes or increase trading costs.

    • Overnight or low-volume trading might amplify price swings, particularly around major global events.

    • Price discovery could stay concentrated in traditional hours, with off-hours reflecting noisier or less representative signals rather than true efficiency gains.

    Whether continuous trading truly enhances market quality or just spreads activity more thinly across time zones is still an open question.

    Onchain settlement addresses deeper structural frictions in how trades are finalized, reducing risk and unlocking efficiency, while 24/7 trading mainly extends availability without necessarily fixing those underlying issues.

    Did you know? Some stock exchanges already use microsecond-level timestamp synchronization from atomic clocks to track trade sequences. This means blockchain systems must integrate with ultra-precise time standards to avoid disputes over transaction ordering.

    Stablecoins as institutional funding rails, not speculative plays

    A key element in ICE’s proposal is the use of stablecoins to handle the cash side of trades. This would let funds settle 24/7, aligning with any move toward continuous securities trading and bypassing traditional bank-hour limitations. The process results in quicker, lower-friction movement of cash across borders and between counterparties.

    If stablecoins are embedded in regulated market infrastructure, they are certain to face stringent compliance requirements. These include real-time compliance monitoring, high-grade custody arrangements, robust liquidity buffers and other safeguards on par with traditional settlement banks.

    Stablecoins function strictly as wholesale settlement tools for institutions, not as retail payment or speculative instruments.

    Tokenization steadily moving into mainstream finance

    The NYSE-related efforts are part of a broader trend. Major asset managers, banks and market infrastructure providers are actively piloting or seeking approval to tokenize conventional assets. These include US Treasury bills, money market fund shares, ETF units and similar instruments.

    Regulatory filings demonstrate that tokenization is expanding into areas traditionally seen as conservative and infrastructure-heavy. The objective is operational efficiency rather than innovation for its own sake. Advantages include accelerated settlement, programmable conditions, reduced manual reconciliation and potentially wider participation.

    If tokenized versions of multiple asset classes become commonplace, post-trade processes could converge toward shared, interoperable ledger architectures. This would reduce overlap and duplication across today’s fragmented ecosystem of clearinghouses, custodians, transfer agents and registrars. However, to facilitate such an outcome, institutions and regulators need to align on standards, interoperability and risk controls.

    Did you know? In traditional markets, a single stock trade can trigger a string of back-office messages between brokers, custodians and clearing agents, which is a key reason financial firms spend billions annually on post-trade IT systems.

    Custody, records and legal ownership still the hardest hurdles

    The biggest barrier to tokenized markets isn’t the blockchain technology itself. There is legal ambiguity regarding ownership. Traditional finance relies on clear, well-established rules for beneficial ownership, shareholder rights, voting, dividends and who maintains the definitive record.

    In a tokenized world, regulators will need to decide what counts as the authoritative source of truth, whether it is the onchain ledger, the transfer agent’s registry, the broker-dealer’s books or some hybrid. Each choice affects investor protections, how corporate actions are handled, how disputes are resolved and who bears liability.

    Custody adds another layer of difficulty. Even in permissioned, institutional-grade blockchains, managing private keys or equivalent controls requires robust answers on asset segregation, key recovery in case of loss, bankruptcy remoteness and operational continuity. These issues demand new frameworks that match or exceed existing standards.

    These legal and operational questions are likely to slow adoption more than any technical limitations.

    Clearinghouses and the shift to real-time risk management

    ICE has also indicated interest in bringing tokenized deposits or similar mechanisms into clearinghouse operations. It has suggested integrating blockchain-based settlement tools with clearing infrastructure.

    Clearinghouses have a role to play in neutralizing counterparty risk. Shorter or near-instant settlement windows can shrink exposure periods and lower overall risk. However, they also result in less time to detect and respond to defaults, collateral deficiencies or sudden liquidity stress.

    This pushes clearing participants and operators toward continuous position monitoring, automated intraday margin calls, dynamic collateral valuation and well-tested playbooks for outages, cyber events or technology failures.

    From a regulatory perspective, resilience in always-on, 24/7 environments becomes critical. Traditional markets have scheduled downtime. Continuous systems cannot afford unplanned interruptions without risking cascading outages.

    Did you know? The NYSE once shortened its trading day during World War I and even shut down completely for four months in 1914. This shows that market “hours” have always evolved with technology, geopolitics and infrastructure limits.

    Who stands to gain and who might need to adapt

    If onchain market infrastructure demonstrates reliability and receives regulatory approval, several participants could see meaningful advantages:

    • Global investors who want uninterrupted access to trading and settlement

    • Institutions that could unlock more efficient use of collateral and reduce trapped capital

    • Issuers interested in streamlined distribution channels and potentially broader reach.

    On the flip side, intermediaries whose revenues rely heavily on today’s multi-step settlement workflows may face strong pressure to evolve or risk losing relevance. These include clearing agents, custodians and certain reconciliation services. Compliance teams would also shift from periodic, market-hours reporting to continuous oversight, adding complexity in the short term.

    Whether these operational savings translate into lower costs for retail and institutional end investors depends on the level of efficiency passed through by exchanges, clearinghouses and other infrastructure providers.

    A modernization effort, not a leap into crypto

    The NYSE’s work on blockchain-based systems is an attempt to upgrade core financial infrastructure, including faster settlement, better collateral mobility and improved market access. In this case, blockchain serves as a technology layer for post-trade operations, not as an asset class. Success hinges on meeting the stringent requirements of regulated markets, including proven scalability, high operational resilience, full compliance alignment and broad institutional buy-in.

    The success of this endeavor by the NYSE depends on several parameters, such as regulatory approvals, operational reliability and institutional willingness to migrate. The initiative signals that traditional exchanges are no longer treating tokenization as an experimental side project. Instead, they are evaluating whether blockchain-based systems can support the scale, stability and compliance demands of mainstream financial markets. This is a much higher bar than most crypto-native platforms have faced.

    Cointelegraph maintains full editorial independence. The selection, commissioning and publication of Features and Magazine content are not influenced by advertisers, partners or commercial relationships.

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    Tether-Backed Oobit Adds Crypto-to-Bank Transfers

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    Crypto payment provider Oobit has launched crypto-to-bank transfers that settle into bank accounts via local payment rails, expanding its app beyond in-store spending and peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers. 

    In an announcement shared with Cointelegraph, Oobit said users could send supported digital assets from self-custody wallets and have funds deposited into bank accounts through networks including the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) in Europe, the Automated Clearing House (ACH) in the United States and Mexico’s Sistema de Pagos Electrónicos Interbancarios (SPEI).

    Settlement currencies include US dollars, euros, Mexican pesos and Philippine pesos, while supported assets include Bitcoin (BTC), Ether (ETH) and a range of stablecoins such as Tether (USDT), USDC (USDC), EURC and EURR, along with other tokens including XRP (XRP), BNB (BNB), Solana (SOL), Cardano (ADA) and Dogecoin (DOGE).

    Related: VCI Global unveils crypto treasury plan, backs Tether’s payments arm OOBIT

    Oobit said that users could see the crypto amount leaving their wallet and the fiat equivalent arriving in the recipient’s account before confirming the transactions.

    It described the system as routing transactions through local payment rails instead of traditional correspondent banking channels.

    Unlike checkout-based providers that redirect users to third-party interfaces, Oobit said the transfer flow is embedded natively inside its app, without redirecting users to an external off-ramp provider.

    Crypto off-ramps heating up

    The rollout highlights growing competition in crypto off-ramping, where exchanges and fintech companies allow users to convert digital assets into fiat deposits.

    Oobit’s stated differentiator is its focus on self-custody wallets, positioning the app as a payments layer that connects onchain assets to bank accounts without requiring users to hold funds on a centralized exchange.